AeroDelft 1st Student Team to Test Liquid Hydrogen Aircraft Propulsion System

AeroDelft, a fully student-run and student-owned non-profit foundation based in Delft, has become the first student team in the world to design, build, and test an electric aircraft propulsion system (powertrain) using liquid hydrogen as its energy source. The successful test was conducted in collaboration with TNO at their liquid hydrogen facility in Ypenburg, The Hague. It marks a significant milestone in the team’s mission to prove and promote liquid hydrogen as a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional aviation fuels.

Working with liquid hydrogen presents unique technical and logistical challenges. It must be stored at -253 °C and conditioned to room temperature before entering the fuel cell, which combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water as its only byproduct. This combines the hazards of cryogenics with the flammability and volatility of hydrogen gas. To address this, AeroDelft developed a vacuum-insulated tank, co-designed with Cryoworld, and a custom-built electric heat exchanger capable of handling a 300 °C temperature gradient. The entire system is operable from distance, includes dedicated venting and safety redundancies, and was integrated in collaboration with TNO and liquid hydrogen supplier Air Products. Navigating strict safety regulations and coordinating across partners, the team designed and tested the system using liquid nitrogen and gaseous hydrogen before successfully validating it with liquid hydrogen.

"Watching the propeller spin—powered by a liquid hydrogen system we spent years designing—was one of the most powerful moments of my life. All the pressure, all the late nights, came down to that single visual confirmation: it works. And we made it work, together." Said Davide Mangini, Chief of Liquid Hydrogen Propulsion

Since 2018, AeroDelft has been working on Project Phoenix, an initiative to develop a manned liquid hydrogen-powered electric aircraft. The team has already flown a battery-electric drone and completed testing with gaseous hydrogen. While both approaches are sustainable and widely adopted in ground transport, they fall short of meeting the performance demands of aviation. Liquid hydrogen, with its superior energy density by mass and volume, offers a more competitive alternative—though it presents significant technical, logistical, and safety challenges.

"This test shows what’s possible when students take full ownership of a mission they believe in. Everyone on this team shares a commitment to sustainable aviation—and now, they’re also among the most experienced students in the world when it comes to working with hydrogen, allowing them to continue driving innovation after their studies. That’s something we’re incredibly proud of." Said Wadeke Tieleman, Team Manager

With this successful test, AeroDelft became the first student team to run an electric powertrain on liquid hydrogen, marking a significant milestone on the road to sustainable aviation. The team will now analyze the data collected, refine the full-scale system, and continue preparations for the first manned test flight of its liquid hydrogen-powered fuel cell electric aircraft.